Graph of a Function
For the graph-theoretic representation of a function from a set to the same set, see Functional graph.
In mathematics, the graph of a function f is the collection of all ordered pairs (x, f(x)). In particular, if x is a real number, graph means the graphical representation of this collection, in the form of a line chart, a curve on a Cartesian plane, together with Cartesian axes, etc. Graphing on a Cartesian plane is sometimes referred to as curve sketching. If the function input x is an ordered pair (x1, x2) of real numbers, the graph is the collection of all ordered triples (x1, x2, f(x1, x2)), and its graphical representation is a surface (see three dimensional graph).
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Graph of the function f(x)=x3 - 9x |
The graph of a function on real numbers is identical to the graphic
representation of the function. For general functions, the graphic
representation cannot be applied and the formal definition of the graph
of a function suits the need of mathematical statements, e.g., the closed graph theorem in functional analysis.
The concept of the graph of a function is generalized to the graph of a relation.
Note that although a function is always identified with its graph, they
are not the same because it will happen that two functions with
different codomain could have the same graph. For example, the cubic polynomial mentioned below is a surjection if its codomain is the real numbers but it is not if its codomain is the complex field.
To test if a graph of a curve is a function of x, use the vertical line test. To test if a graph of a curve is a function of y, use the horizontal line test.
If the function has an inverse, the graph of the inverse can be found
by reflecting the graph of the original function over the line y=x.
In science, engineering, technology, finance,
and other areas, graphs are tools used for many purposes. In the
simplest case one variable is plotted as a function of another,
typically using rectangular axes; see Plot (graphics) for details.
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